Wednesday 21 April 2010

Celebrations (US)

Labor Day


In the United States and Canada, holiday (first Monday in September) honouring workers and recognizing their contributions to society. In many other countries May Day serves a similar purpose.

In the United States, Peter J. McGuire, a union leader who had founded the United Brotherhood of Carpenters in 1881, is generally given credit for the idea of Labor Day. In 1882 he suggested to the Central Labor Union of New York that there be a celebration honouring American workers. On September 5 some 10,000 workers, under the sponsorship of the Knights of Labor, held a parade in New York City ... (100 of 410 words)

A holiday celebrated in most industrialized nations is Labor Day. The first American Labor Day was celebrated in New York City in 1882. The holiday is similar to the May Day celebrations of labor and industrial production held since 1887 in socialist nations though it had a separate origin.

Memorial Day

formerly Decoration Day

in the United States, holiday (last Monday in May) honouring those who have died in the nation’s wars. It originated during the American Civil War (1861–64) when citizens placed flowers on the graves of those who had been killed in battle. A number of places claimed to have been the birthplace of the holiday. Among them, Columbus, Mississippi, held a formal observance for both the Union and the Confederate dead in 1866. By congressional proclamation in 1966, Waterloo, New York, was cited as the birthplace, also in 1866, of the observance in the North.

Martin Luther King JR. Day

in the United States, holiday (third Monday in January) honouring the achievements of Martin Luther King, Jr. A Baptist minister who advocated the use of nonviolent means to end racial segregation, he first came to national prominence during a bus boycott by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955. He founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 and led the 1963 March on Washington. The most influential of African American civil rights leaders during the 1960s, he was instrumental in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination in public accommodations, ... (100 of 259 words) in the United States, holiday (third Monday in January) honouring the achievements of Martin Luther King, Jr. A Baptist minister who advocated the use of nonviolent means to end racial segregation, he first came to national prominence during a bus boycott by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955. He founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 and led the 1963 March on Washington. The most influential of African American civil rights leaders during the 1960s, he was instrumental in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination in public accommodations, ...

Thanksgiving

annual national holiday in the United States and Canada celebrating the harvest and other blessings of the past year. Americans generally believe that their Thanksgiving is modeled on a 1621 harvest feast shared by the English colonists (Pilgrims) of Plymouth and the Wampanoag Indians. The American holiday is particularly rich in legend and symbolism.

Plymouth’s Thanksgiving began with a few colonists going out “fowling,” possibly for turkeys but more probably for the easier prey of geese and ducks, since they “in one day killed as much as…served the company almost a week.”

ARTICLEfrom theEncyclopædia Britannica

Saturday 17 April 2010

The Birthmark (By Nathaniel Hawthorne)

Click here to go to the main link and listen to the story.

Our story today is called "The Birthmark." It was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Here is Barbara Klein with the story.
(MUSIC)

STORYTELLER:

A long time ago, there lived a skillful scientist who had experienced a spiritual reaction more striking than any chemical one.

He had left his laboratory in the care of his assistant, washed the chemicals from his hands and asked a beautiful woman to become his wife. In those days new scientific discoveries such as electricity seemed to open paths into the area of miracles. It was not unusual for the love of science to compete with the love of a woman.

The scientist's name was Aylmer. He had so totally given himself to scientific studies that he could not be weakened by a second love. His love for his young wife could only be the stronger of the two if it could link itself with his love of science.

Such a union did take place with truly remarkable results. But one day, very soon after their marriage, Aylmer looked at his wife with a troubled expression.

"Georgiana," he said, "have you ever considered that the mark upon your cheek might be removed"?

"No," she said smiling. But seeing the seriousness of his question, she said, "The mark has so often been called a charm that I was simple enough to imagine it might be so."

"On another face it might," answered her husband, "but not on yours. No dear, Nature made you so perfectly that this small defect shocks me as being a sign of earthly imperfection."

"Shocks you!" cried Georgiana, deeply hurt. Her face reddened and she burst into tears. "Then why did you marry me? You cannot love what shocks you!"

We must explain that in the center of Georgiana's left cheek there was a mark, deep in her skin. The mark was usually a deep red color. When Georgiana blushed, the mark became less visible. But when she turned pale, there was the mark, like a red stain upon snow. The birthmark would come and go with the emotions in her heart.

The mark was shaped like a very small human hand. Georgiana's past lovers used to say that the hand of a magical fairy had touched her face when she was born. Many a gentleman would have risked his life for the honor of kissing that mysterious hand.

But other people had different opinions. Some women said the red hand quite destroyed the effect of Georgiana's beauty.

Male observers who did not praise the mark simply wished it away so that they did not see it. After his marriage, Aylmer discovered that this was the case with himself.

Had Georgiana been less beautiful, he might have felt his love increased by the prettiness of that little hand. But because she was otherwise so perfect, he found the mark had become unbearable.

(MUSIC)

Aylmer saw the mark as a sign of his wife's eventual sadness, sickness and death. Soon, the birthmark caused him more pain than Georgiana's beauty had ever given him pleasure.

During a period that should have been their happiest, Aylmer could only think of this disastrous subject. With the morning light, Aylmer opened his eyes upon his wife's face and recognized the sign of imperfection. When they sat together in the evening near the fire, he would look at the mark.

Georgiana soon began to fear his look. His expression would make her face go pale. And the birthmark would stand out like a red jewel on white stone.

"Do you remember, dear Aylmer, about the dream you had last night about this hateful mark?" she asked with a weak smile.

"None! None whatever!" answered Aylmer, surprised.

The mind is in a sad state when sleep cannot control its ghosts and allows them to break free with their secrets. Aylmer now remembered his dream. He had imagined himself with his assistant Aminadab trying to remove the birthmark with an operation. But the deeper his knife went, the deeper the small hand sank until it had caught hold of Georgiana's heart.

Aylmer felt guilty remembering the dream.

"Aylmer," said Georgiana, "I do not know what the cost would be to both of us to remove this birthmark. Removing it could deform my face or damage my health."

"Dearest Georgiana, I have spent much thought on the subject," said Aylmer. "I am sure it can be removed."

"Then let the attempt be made at any risk," said Georgiana. "Life is not worth living while this hateful mark makes me the object of your horror. You have deep science and have made great discoveries. Remove this little mark for the sake of your peace and my own."

"Dearest wife," cried Aylmer. "Do not doubt my power. I am ready to make this cheek as perfect as its pair."

Her husband gently kissed her right cheek, the one without the red hand.

(MUSIC)

The next day the couple went to Aylmer's laboratory where he had made all his famous discoveries. Georgiana would live in a beautiful room he had prepared nearby, while he worked tirelessly in his lab. One by one, Aylmer tried a series of powerful experiments on his wife. But the mark remained.

Georgiana waited in her room. She read through his notebooks of scientific observations. She could not help see that many of his experiments had ended in failure. She decided to see for herself the scientist at work.

The first thing that struck Georgiana when entering the laboratory was the hot furnace. From the amount of soot above it, it seemed to have been burning for ages. She saw machines, tubes, cylinders and other containers for chemical experiments. What most drew her attention was Aylmer himself. He was nervous and pale as death as he worked on preparing a liquid.

Georgiana realized that her husband had been hiding his tension and fear.

"Think not so little of me that you cannot be honest about the risks we are taking," she said. "I will drink whatever you make for me, even if it is a poison."

"My dear, nothing shall be hidden," Aylmer said. "I have already given you chemicals powerful enough to change your entire physical system. Only one thing remains to be tried and if that fails, we are ruined!"

He led her back to her room where she waited once more, alone with her thoughts. She hoped that for just one moment she could satisfy her husband's highest ideals. But she realized then that his mind would forever be on the march, always requiring something newer, better and more perfect.

Hours later, Aylmer returned carrying a crystal glass with a colorless liquid.

"The chemical process went perfectly," he said. "Unless all my science has tricked me, it cannot fail."

To test the liquid, he placed a drop in the soil of a dying flower growing in a pot in the room. In a few moments, the plant became healthy and green once more.

"I do not need proof," Georgiana said quietly. "Give me the glass. I am happy to put my life in your hands." She drank the liquid and immediately fell asleep.

Aylmer sat next to his wife, observing her and taking notes. He noted everything -- her breathing, the movement of an eyelid. He stared at the birthmark. And slowly, with every breath that came and went, it lost some of its brightness.

"By Heaven! It is nearly gone," said Aylmer. "Success! Success!"

He opened the window coverings to see her face in daylight. She was so pale. Georgiana opened her eyes and looked into the mirror her husband held. She tried to smile as she saw the barely visible mark.

"My poor Aylmer," she said gently. "You have aimed so high. With so high and pure a feeling, you have rejected the best the Earth could offer. I am dying, dearest."

It was true. The hand on her face had been her link to life. As the last trace of color disappeared from her cheek, she gave her last breath.

Blinded by a meaningless imperfection and an impossible goal, Aylmer had thrown away her life and with it his chance for happiness. In trying to improve his lovely wife, he had failed to realize she had been perfect all along.

(MUSIC)
ANNOUNCER:
"The Birthmark" was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was adapted and produced by Dana Demange. Your storyteller was Barbara Klein.

Thursday 8 April 2010

How to get 'Hello' horribly wrong

My girlfriend grew up in Belgium and the summer after we got together she invited me to Brussels. On the day I arrived we went to meet her friend Aina for lunch. Aina worked at a University and we arranged to meet on campus. Everyone was out enjoying the good weather, so we bought sandwiches and sat in a circle on the grass. Aina is a popular girl, and pretty soon a guy she knew came over to say hello. This might not sound like much of a problem, but I'm Irish and how we say hello differs greatly to how they do it on the Continent. In Ireland, you approach a group of people, give one universal salutation and join the conversation. Not in Belgium.The guy kissed Aina on the cheek and struck up a conversation. He began to slowly make his way around the circle kissing hello as he went. Instantly alarm bells went off in my head. A memory surfaced that told me guys in Belgium kiss each other hello. Straight away I knew I was in trouble. Two questions sprang to mind. 1) Was this guy going to kiss me hello? 2) What was the proper way to do it? I was overcome by a sickening feeling of being massively under-prepared. What was the protocol? I felt nauseous. As I sat there thinking of what to do, the guy was getting closer. Finally he came to me. For a moment he just stood there, and I thought he might just say hello and sit down. No such luck. As I belatedly proffered a hand, he leant down and put his cheek in my face. My world froze. I can safely say I had no idea what to do. I had gone twenty something years without learning the technique for kissing another guy hello. It was like someone had presented me with an engine and said 'Fix that'. I really didn't have a clue where to start. Then for some reason my mind stepped back, and simple muscle memory took over. The only people I'd kissed hello to had been my granny and a handful of aunts. So I did the thing that came naturally, I planted one smack bang on his cheek. Not just a peck, but a full-bodied smooch. There may have even been a 'MWAH' sound as well, but I can't really remember.Instantly, the world around me came to a stop. All conversations halted,and for a moment there was nothing but silence. And then there was laughing. Oh how they laughed. Between guffaws Aina explained to the guy that I was Irish and that guys didn't kiss each other hello where I was from. I'm not entirely sure if he heard her, because at that point he just looked shell-shocked. I'm pretty sure he just fell back on his backside, and nodded some vague acknowledgment. I of course wanted the ground to swallow me whole.
by Sam Mulligan

Stereotypes



A European's Road Map

By Reginald Dale International Herald Tribune


WASHINGTON - In the United States, it is widely considered unacceptable to attribute people's behavior, good or bad, to their racial or ethnic origins. Ethnic stereotyping is taboo. In Europe, however, almost the reverse is true. Europeans tend to rely on ancient but often accurate national stereotypes to help them understand their neighbors. Both the French and the Germans, for instance, have pretty good, and similar, ideas of what constitutes a typical Englishman. While those ideas may often be caricatures, they also reflect centuries in which Europeans have observed each other, as trading partners and on the battlefield, at very close quarters. European stereotypes apply not just to individuals but to whole countries, too. Thanks to their differing histories, cultures and geographies, the European nations have developed distinct and recognizable personalities. Those personalities are often, in fact, more important than the official policies of national governments or their political complexions in explaining how European nations interact with one another. As the European Union approaches decisions on economic and monetary union that will be crucial to the destinies of its member nations, it is only natural that many of those nations should be indulging in stereotypical behavior. Traditionally aloof Britain is staying out of the planned single European currency, the euro; France is justifying its reputation for arrogance by demanding the top job in running the currency, and Germany is showing its self-righteousness in seeking to impose its own economic and monetary standards on everybody else. In Britain, Tony Blair's Labour government sounds more enthusiastic about the euro than its Conservative predecessor did. It is promising to join the currency in perhaps five years, provided Britain meets certain economic criteria. But the British people's dislike of the euro has not disappeared with the change of government. Everyone knows that the British will have to shed a great deal of historical and cultural baggage before they can agree to scrap the pound and accept the euro in the referendum that Mr. Blair has promised them. The big question is not whether Britain will fulfill the economic criteria but whether the British national character will change.In France, the advent of Lionel Jospin's Socialist-led government has done little to diminish the country's traditional Gallic conceit, the latest example of which is a proposal that the new European central bank be headed by Jean-Claude Trichet, the governor of the Bank of France. The proposal should not be dismissed just because it has irritated most of France's partners. France is traditionally good at getting its way in such things. Nor does it matter that the independent-minded Mr. Trichet would not necessarily run the bank the way Paris wants. Experience suggests that France would settle for the appearance of power if it cannot have the reality. Germany's national need is for reassurance, before it embraces the euro, that the currency's other members, especially Italy, will behave like sensible Germans. Here is an example of a damaging stereotype at work. Italy is stuck, at least in German eyes, with an image as an economically irresponsible and politically unstable country, even though it has probably been more successful than any other EU member in changing its economic and political behavior for the better to qualify for the single currency. That shows how difficult changing a stereotype can be. But the point is that even if Italy does succeed in radically upgrading its economic and political image, that need does not make it any less Italian. For most Europeans, the challenge is to achieve economic and political integration without losing the best of their national characteristics. Europe would be much less interesting without its ethnic stereotypes.
Tuesday, November 18, 1997, page 13
A. Let's come to terms with stereotypes, and recognize that stereotypes do contain some truth, but also can not be applied across the board. This lesson helps us improve our descriptive adjective vocabulary while we discuss perceived differences between nations through stereotypes. American food is fast food. OR Americans love guns.
Choose two adjectives that you think describe the nationalities listed below. Choose two countries of your own to describe.
  • American _____ _____ _____ _____
  • British _____ _____ _____ _____
  • French _____ _____ _____ _____
  • Japanese _____ _____ _____ _____
punctual tolerant romantic respectful hard-working emotional outgoing nationalistic well-dressed humorous lazy sophisticated hospitable talkative sociable serious quiet formal aggressive polite rude arrogant ignorant casual
B

1. Group the following adjectives under categories (taste, attitude, feelings, organization, etc) and indicate which are positive or negative traits.

appetizing, aloof, mean, polite, honest, solid, ardent, bland, pleasant, organized, friendly, tedious, sloppy, methodical, chaotic, systematic, tidy, unpleasant, nasty, passionate, tender, uninterested, cruel, organized, cold, negligent, horrifying, untidy, refined, insipid, flavourless, tasty, reliable, careless, unstable, romantic, uninteresting, sophisticated, dull ,disciplined, unresponsive, messy,

" Heaven is where the police are British, the cooks are French, the mechanics are German, the lovers are Italian and it is all organised by the Swiss. Hell is where the police are German, the cooks are English, the mechanics are French, the lovers are Swiss, and it is all organised by the Italians ".

Heaven is a ___________ place to be (fill in with an adjective)
What qualities make a good policeman/a cook/a mechanic/lover/ manager ?

A policeman should be

A cook should be

A mechanic should be

A lover should be

A manager should be

In this joke
the British are regarded as being

the French are portrayed as being

the Germans are considered as being

Italian men have a reputation of being

the Swiss are said to be

Hell is a_________ place to be (fill in with an adjective)

What is the inference made about
German policemen:British food:French mechanics:Swiss lovers:Italian management:

Do you think this is true?

What do these statements have in common?

2) Working on your own, write down five or six stereotypes for your own nationality.

3) Did the completed statements make you feel uncomfortable? Why? Why not?

4) In general, were your responses positive or negative?

5) List the stereotypes under positive, negative or neutral. What does this tell us about stereotypes?
6) Fill in the following questionnaire on your own and later discuss it with your teacher and colleagues. You may use :A= I agree B= I'm not sure C= I disagree

  • National stereotypes are dangerous because they may provoke racial prejudice.

  • Stereotypes contain a certain amount of truth.
  • There is no such thing as national character and therefore the idea of national stereotypes is rubbish.
  • The reason stereotypes exist is because people are afraid of diversity, change, and what is unknown. They prefer to cling to simple classifications, which maintain an old, familiar and established order.
  • Stereotypes are simply harmless sorts of jokes we tell about other nationalities or groups of people.
7) What is, in your opinion, the best way to challenge a stereotype.